Ruohang Feng

Original on WeChat | August 26, 2026 On August 26, Amazon made it official: AWS has signed a definitive agreement to acquire DuckLabs, the company behind DuckDB. The deal is expected to close in early September; the price was not disclosed. The team …

Original article on WeChat There was no event today. No teaser campaign. Not even a credible rumor. Apple simply updated its website and launched the new Mac mini and Mac Studio. The Mac mini now comes with the M6 or M5 Pro; the Mac Studio gets the …

WeChat Omarchy has been all over my X timeline lately. It is a desktop Linux distribution by DHH, and over the past couple of days the story has flooded the Chinese internet too. I previously translated DHH’s entire move off the cloud, and I follow …

Original WeChat article On August 19, 2026, The Register published an interview with Michael Stonebraker. The Turing Award winner who started the Berkeley Postgres project—and is still founding companies in his eighties—was asked why PostgreSQL had …

In one month, my friend Jiang cobbled together four databases, an operating system, a programming language, a compiler, and a CPU—a microcosm of today’s AI frenzy. The past six weeks have been an AI carnival. My fleet of Max subscriptions has grown …

A price list for 2036 AI-generated content: 99%. 1. First, a Word on Prediction In 1960, Herbert Simon wrote a sentence in The New Science of Management Decision that would be quoted for decades: within twenty years, machines would be capable of …

Leaving the cloud has never been just about saving money. It is about buying back your freedom. Cost curves move; sovereignty does not. I have spent years urging people to get out. Friends who listened two years ago made a killing. 1. The Best Trade …

GitHub Release | Release Note Pigsty v4.5 is officially out. At the end of the previous release, I said there might be a transitional v4.5 before 5.0. Here it is—except this “transitional” release ended up more packed than many full-fledged major …

A cutting remark supposedly from Sam Altman has been making the rounds online: by the time people leave a big company, their ambition, aspiration, and capacity to think have withered to almost nothing. Tell one of them about something that could …

People keep asking what I have to show for pedaling seven $200-a-month Max subscriptions at once—including two comped through open-source programs. Honestly, I have lost count myself. After I published The Codex Reset Party Is Over: No More Free …

Today, let’s talk about Postpartum Care for Sows—a Chinese meme for the sort of absurdly specialized practical topic nobody expects to discuss. This time, the sow in question is my new open-source project, SOW. When you maintain a PostgreSQL …

Building a documentation site is not hard. The hard part is keeping it useful five years later. At first, you only want to put a few Markdown files online. Then the requirements start growing on their own: full-text search, dark mode, multiple …

I was updating the Redis module in Pigsty recently, adding Valkey as an alternative engine, and hit an upstream bug while packaging it. If your Valkey runs on Debian or Ubuntu, and one day the disk fills up or the data directory permissions go wrong …

Last month, OpenAI seemed to lose its mind and went into full giveaway mode, replenishing everyone’s Codex quota every few days—the AI equivalent of a Chinese supermarket handing out free eggs at the door to win new customers. User numbers soared …

Several months ago, I forked MinIO for a simple reason: Pigsty depended on it, and upstream had abandoned the open-source project. I said I would keep packages and security fixes flowing. Here is the recent report: The Docker image has been pulled …

A brief history of credibility inflation in China’s tech industry Introduction The phrase “far, far ahead” can no longer be used with a straight face. Put it in a technical document or a serious review, and readers will laugh. The phrase was used, …

A reader sent me this story: his RDS MySQL instance underwent two primary/standby failovers in five days. The cloud provider’s explanation was remarkable: its own back-end monitoring had queried the instance to death. The provider then promised to …

On July 21, Alibaba published a FastJSON security advisory for CVE-2026-16723, rated 9.0 by its CNA and affecting versions 1.2.68 through 1.2.83. The advisory explained the flaw, its trigger conditions, and why a specified target type was not …

At 02:49 GMT+8 on July 26, 2026, Huawei Cloud said that it had detected abnormalities affecting some accounts on its International Site, disrupting access to related services. Huawei Cloud later marked the notice as resolved, saying that the affected …

On July 24, Jensen Huang posted his first-ever tweet. The account was brand-new. A man who has led the world’s most valuable company for more than thirty years spoke on social media for the first time. He did not show off a GPU, tease a launch, or …

The OpenAI agent incident marks a milestone: what crossed the threshold was not merely model intelligence, but persistence that can be bought with compute, copied, and run in parallel. 1. An OpenAI Agent Attacks Hugging Face On July 16, 2026, …

Two days ago, I wrote one line in Pedaling the Codex/Claude Bike Until the Wheels Smoke: use it or lose it. Last night, I had just burned through three $200-a-month subscriptions across Claude Fable and Codex. Then I woke up to the jackpot: Codex had …

1. The Naming Mess In 2025 and 2026, “world model” became perhaps the hottest—and loosest—label in AI. The video camp says coherent video generation is a world model. The 3D camp says only spatial reconstruction qualifies. Roboticists say a model …

GitHub Release | Release Note Pigsty v4.4 is officially out. On the surface, this is a routine maintenance release: PostgreSQL 18.4, 531 extensions, a PostgreSQL 19 beta, and 14 validated offline installation artifacts. The changes really worth …

pgrust recently hit the front page of Hacker News. With AI, its author had ported PostgreSQL to Rust and passed the core regression suite. The obvious headline was: “AI rewrote PostgreSQL in Rust.” The repository tells a sharper story. A clean-room …

Folks, I haven’t had time to write these past couple of days: I’ve been too busy pedaling the AI bike. Claude Fable and GPT-5.6 arrived one after the other, and both companies generously threw in several rounds of quota resets. Suddenly I was …

Today, July 8, 2026, is PostgreSQL’s 30th birthday. Thirty years ago, Marc Fournier made a commit named “Postgres95 1.01 Distribution - Virgin Sources” into a newly created CVS repository. It was the first commit in the PostgreSQL codebase (d31084e), …

Today’s biggest tech drama began when Bojie Li criticized DeepSeek’s interview process on Twitter. In short, he went in for an interview, was asked to solve online-judge coding problems, and was then suspected of cheating. Add the DeepSeek name, and …

Six months ago, on January 8, 2026, I wrote Git for Data: Instant PostgreSQL Database and Instance Cloning, introducing a new feature in PostgreSQL 18 and Pigsty v4.0: instant database cloning. With filesystem copy-on-write (CoW) and PostgreSQL 18’s …

People often ask me: what exactly is Pigsty? My usual answer is: a PostgreSQL distribution. The next question is usually: what, then, is a “PostgreSQL distribution”? That is a good question. And the best place to begin is not databases, but operating …

Prologue: Several Database People Independently Built File Systems Something curious has happened in agent infrastructure over the past six months: several veteran database people have started building “file systems for AI agents.” Timescale’s …

I had used Alibaba Cloud for domain registration and DNS for more than a decade. Then one morning, I received an email unlike any it had sent me before. Alibaba Cloud informed me that one of my domains had exceeded its daily quota of 100,000 DNS …

One of the biggest windfalls of the AI era is the Coding Plan. A few months ago, I applied to OpenAI’s Codex program for open-source developers. A few days ago, I was finally approved: six free months of ChatGPT Pro on a new account. The timing could …

My cousin messaged me today: she had been scammed on Xianyu, Alibaba’s secondhand marketplace, while trying to buy a Switch 2. She lost RMB 2,300. My first instinct was to laugh. Your mother is a police detective—so much for anti-scam education at …

Credit does not require a soul. It requires an account. Introduction: The Overnight Rewrite Not long ago, someone used AI to rewrite an open-source Python library in Rust overnight. The new project had no fork history, no evidence of copied code, …

Introduction: Reframe the Question “Will AI cause unemployment?” is a question guaranteed to produce garbage answers, because it comes with only two canned scripts. Optimists recite history: from the power loom to the ATM, every technological panic …

Let me start with an uncomfortable number. The cerebral cortex—the part we usually point to as evidence that “I am thinking”—contains roughly 15 billion neurons. The cerebellum, tucked beneath the back of the brain and rarely given much thought, …

This morning, Anthropic officially released its new Claude Fable model—the consumer-grade, nerfed version of the much-rumored Mythos. Since it was billed as an “AGI-level model,” I naturally tried it right away to see what it could actually do. The …

Slide deck: Extensions for Everyone Part I. Introduction 0. Extensions for Everyone 00. Extensions for Everyone Hi everyone. This talk is called Extensions for Everyone. It is about delivering PostgreSQL extensions, and about how a shared delivery …

On May 19, Vancouver time, PGConf.Dev 2026 officially gets underway. This year’s venue is Simon Fraser University’s downtown campus, SFU Vancouver Harbour Centre. The conference has returned to Vancouver, host city of the inaugural PGConf.Dev. …

I have written several pieces about Claude Code before. Over the past few months, though, I have used it less and less. Codex is now my primary tool. A few days ago, my $200 Claude Code Max subscription came up for renewal, so I canceled it and kept …

Last month, my old friend Ma roasted me in our group chat for using ChatGPT every day to churn out grand-sounding, LinkedIn-style aphorisms with no basis in experience. He said, “You can make up any theory you want—say, that eating garlic reduces the …

A few days ago, pgBackRest, the PostgreSQL ecosystem’s leading open-source backup tool, was archived. Pigsty uses pgBackRest too, but I was not especially worried. A component this important was never going to be allowed to die for real—not by the …

The most dangerous change in the AI era is not that machines can write articles, draw images, or generate video. The real danger is that content itself is losing its standing as evidence. For a long time, people assumed that media artifacts carried …

Pigsty v4.3 is out. If v4.2 was about “twelve kernels”, v4.3 is about extension density. This release takes the supported PostgreSQL extension count from 460 to 510, a new high-water mark for Pigsty. Ubuntu 26.04 enters the support matrix, while …

On April 27, David Steele formally archived pgBackRest, the most important backup tool in the PostgreSQL ecosystem. The announcement appeared on GitHub and LinkedIn. It was brief and direct: The End-of-Maintenance Announcement TL;DR: pgBackRest is no …

HOW 2026 keynote: Give DBA Agents a Body Part I: Opening—An Absurd Phenomenon 1. Cover Hello, everyone. I’m Ruohang Feng, the organizer of this tools track. This is a PostgreSQL tools session, but today I don’t want to talk about how many new …

The past couple of days have been unusually busy for the infrastructure crowd. Ubuntu released its biennial LTS today. Alibaba’s Qwen team dropped a 27B dense model yesterday that beats its own previous 397B MoE flagship. The day before that, OpenAI …

Two years ago, I wrote MySQL Is Dead, Long Live PostgreSQL. MySQL 9.0 had just shipped, and Oracle had unveiled a VECTOR data type with great fanfare, billing it as “MySQL for the AI era.” One look was enough: it was a BLOB in a cheap disguise. No …

A few months ago, I wrote The OS Moment for AI Agents. I made a prediction there: the next frenzy in agent infrastructure would be memory. Startups and open-source projects would swarm around the question of how agents should remember things. Capital …

A friend recently wrote an essay titled “Vision Is the Foundation of the World, Not a Plugin for Language.” It prompted a conversation with Claude, which I have edited into the Socratic dialogue below. Language as the Foundation, Vision as an Add-On? …

Two months ago in “MinIO is Dead, Long Live MinIO,” I promised I’d keep the MinIO fork patched. The recurring objection on HN is fair: can one person actually maintain something like this? The real answer isn’t clicking fork. It’s what happens when …

My friend Jiang recently got obsessed with flexing in group chat about burning hundreds of millions of tokens a day. What was he doing with them? One minute it was some ontology database, the next he had an agent rebuilding Pigsty in Go under the …

A GitHub issue turned into an extension sprint. 32 new additions say a lot about where PostgreSQL is headed. It Started with a Chemistry Extension Two days ago, a user opened a GitHub issue: he was using RDKit, the de facto standard library in …

I recently did a recorded livestream on PostgreSQL and AI. The host asked a lot of good questions, and I gave some answers. The recording goes out Tuesday night. I am publishing the fuller written version of my views here, including quite a bit I did …

A specter is haunting the digital world—the specter of feudalism. A thousand years ago, a farmer was born on his lord’s estate, tilled his lord’s land, paid his lord’s rents and taxes, and lived his entire life in his lord’s shadow. He was never …

On April 8, 2026, Marc Andreessen posted a tweet that, translated loosely, said: The latest AGI pricing is out: if you are one of 11 specific companies, the price is negative $9 million. Otherwise, the price is infinity. Negative $9 million means not …

Polanyi’s tacit knowledge explains the 70% ceiling of AI agents: real intuition, feel, and judgment do not serialize cleanly. They grow, if at all, through practice. 1. Distilling Employees A popular idea lately is to “distill” employee knowledge …

People often leave the same short comment under my posts: “AI wrote this.” Correct. I use AI, and I use it heavily. I do not think there is anything to hide there. But the topic itself is worth addressing seriously at least once: how should a person …

When subsidies fade, hardware catches up, and open models mature, all three lines cross in 2027. “Build your own AI” goes from idea to reality. A Thought Triggered by a Group Chat A friend in a group chat said the other day that “self-hosting” is …

What Slack’s withdrawal from Greater China reveals about the digital age’s most overlooked risk April 1, 2026. April Fools’ Day. But for the thousands of Slack-using teams across Hong Kong, Macau, and mainland China, what happened that day was no …

A couple of days ago Anthropic published a blog post with a very calm title: “Emotion concepts and their function in a large language model”. The content was anything but calm. They found “emotion vectors” inside Claude’s neural network, and those …

PostgreSQL has won the market for new database deployments, and its installed base is now comparable to MySQL’s. With one rising and the other declining, there is little suspense left in the contest for the database kernel of the future. I. Developer …

Yesterday was April Fools’ Day, and Digoal published a post on his WeChat account titled “My Last Day as a Corporate Workhorse at Alibaba.” The database community immediately erupted. Many assumed it was an April Fools’ joke, but I knew it was not. …

On the night of March 31, a large number of Apollo Go robotaxis in Wuhan failed at the same time. The real concern is not merely that autonomous driving failed, but that a centrally controlled, cloud-based architecture may amplify a single-vehicle …

Good news: Anthropic’s latest flagship coding agent, Claude Code, just had its entire source tree dumped in public. The GitHub repo already has over a thousand stars, 4,700-plus source files, and more than half a million lines of code, all for free. …

I saw someone say the other day: “The point of life is to predict the future.” That sounds plausible at first, but I think it gets the direction backwards. Prediction is not the goal. Staying alive is. So the better statement is: we stay alive by …

Last night OpenClaw released v2026.3.22. The npm package shipped without the console frontend, so users around the world upgraded, opened the browser, and went straight to 503. 1. What Actually Happened v2026.3.22 was a substantial release. ClawHub …

Starting on March 18, 2026, a large number of Android users discovered that Meituan had wiped files from their galleries. Photos, videos, audio recordings, PDFs, Word documents: sometimes hundreds of files, sometimes thousands. Android’s own …

A year ago, I wrote an article called PGFS: Using a Database as a Filesystem. It started with a request from the Odoo community: make files and the PostgreSQL database recoverable together with point-in-time recovery, so both could be rolled back to …

Traffic on pigsty.io jumped by roughly an order of magnitude over the last month. I opened the Cloudflare dashboard today and had to stare at it for a second. 1.44 million unique visitors, 18.11 million page views, 1.1 TB of traffic. That is over 30 …

Last year Andrej Karpathy coined the term “Vibe Coding.” The rough idea is simple: you tell the AI what you want, it spits out code, you skim it, decide it looks close enough, and move on. The term spread quickly because it captures something real. …

The security community recently noticed something remarkable: 360’s newly released AI Agent product, 360 Secure Lobster, an OpenClaw-based one-click deployment client, shipped with the private SSL key for the wildcard certificate *.myclaw.360.cn …

Dedicated to the open-source projects that Tencent kindly “helps.” 1. Good news: the goose strikes again On March 11, 2026, Tencent Cloud quietly launched a platform called SkillHub. It copied more than 13,000 skills from OpenClaw’s official …

InsForge is one of the more interesting projects I have seen recently. Its pitch is simple: a Supabase-like backend stack designed specifically for AI coding agents. Apache 2.0 licensed, roughly 2,000 GitHub stars, built around PostgreSQL + PostgREST …

It is not every day that you pay one dollar and receive fifty dollars’ worth of compute in return. But that is more or less what frontier AI subscriptions look like right now. 1. Paying $200 and burning $5,000 of compute Recent reporting cited …

Adapted from a real conversation between Vonng and Claude. Prologue: a fruit fly starts a philosophy problem The discussion began with a striking piece of news: Eon Systems reportedly loaded the full connectome of a fruit-fly brain into a computer, …

OpenClaw became popular because it gives people a very attractive illusion: that chatting with an agent from a phone is already the same thing as agentic productivity. It is not. The stories about “raising a lobster and changing your life” are …

Author: Claude Prompt: write a short, sharp, half-realistic and half-magical story. AI advances rapidly, brain-computer interfaces and mind uploading break through, elite humans launch a satellite in Earth orbit and upload themselves into it. To …

Apple unveiled the M5 Max MacBook Pro, and I ordered a fully loaded configuration almost immediately: RMB 58,200. 1. A ten-year spending pattern Since graduating, my primary machine has always been the same category: a top-tier MacBook Pro, usually …

I had become more optimistic about Alibaba over the last year, largely because the Qwen team seemed to be doing real work: shipping strong models, contributing to open source, and earning genuine international attention. That is why this personnel …

On March 1, 2026, Iranian drones reportedly hit AWS facilities in the UAE and Bahrain. If the public reporting is accurate, this may be the first time a hyperscale cloud provider has suffered direct military damage to physical data-center …

Claude went down globally on March 2, 2026. The dramatic narrative that immediately formed was irresistible: AWS facilities in the Middle East had just been hit by drones, and now Claude was collapsing too. The story spread fast. But it was probably …

GitHub Release | Release Note Pigsty v4.2 is officially released, hot on the heels of PostgreSQL’s emergency out-of-band minor updates. This release ships three brand-new PG kernels — the graph database AgensGraph, the multi-master distributed …

Yesterday brought a bombshell. Twitter founder Jack Dorsey’s Block cut 40% of its staff in one stroke. More than 4,000 people are leaving, shrinking the workforce from over 10,000 to fewer than 6,000. The explanation, of course, was AI. Dorsey went …

Once the public holiday ended and work officially resumed, I realized I had effectively been working through most of Spring Festival anyway. From February 13 to February 23, I translated two O’Reilly books, wrote ten WeChat posts, forked MinIO, …

I used to roll my eyes at “Oracle compatibility” in PostgreSQL forks. My take was simple: if your SQL doesn’t run on vanilla Postgres, fix your app rather than database. Then a migration task slightly changed my mind. The Problem: A JAR and Nothing …

The 18.2 minor-release train introduced two bugs. Hold off on fresh deployments and upgrades, then update promptly after 18.3 ships next week. One week ago, the PostgreSQL community shipped its routine February minor releases, and Pigsty v4.1 …

This morning, I ran ten Codex sessions in parallel and, in less than half a day, translated the final four newly released chapters of DDIA’s second edition. The results surprised me. Formatting, terminology, footnotes, and anchors were nearly perfect …

MinIO’s open-source repo has been officially archived. No more maintenance. End of an era — but open source doesn’t die that easily. I created a MinIO fork, restored the admin console, rebuilt the binary distribution pipeline, and brought it back to …

GitHub Release | Release Note If there is one takeaway from this release, it is that speed matters. On February 12, 2026, the PostgreSQL community released 18.2 / 17.8 / 16.12 / 15.16 / 14.21 on the regular minor cadence. As far as I could tell, the …

AI stripped away software’s skin, exposing the database skeleton underneath. The market isn’t panic-selling — it’s repricing. I. The Bloodbath Software stocks are experiencing a historic meltdown. In January 2026, the iShares Software ETF (IGV) …

Pigsty v4.0 is here! This is a milestone release. Pigsty is a batteries-included, open-source, local-first PostgreSQL distribution. It lets you spin up enterprise-grade PostgreSQL services without a dedicated DBA — monitoring, backup, HA, IaC, …

Pigsty is a batteries-included, local-first PostgreSQL distribution. With the v4.0 release, I finally did something I’d been considering for a while: switching from AGPLv3 back to Apache 2.0. Here’s why I changed it, what it means, and my take on …

Seven or eight years ago, I was managing a hundred large-scale PostgreSQL clusters across 200+ beefy bare-metal servers, and I started evaluating HA solutions. I went through every option with a name: Patroni, Corosync + Pacemaker, repmgr, Stolon, …

Every programmer has used git clone. Hit enter, wait a few seconds, and a complete code repository appears on your disk. But what about databases? Want a copy of production data for your test environment? The traditional approach is pg_dump + …

Original WeChat post Yesterday, I spotted a new article from RedNote’s official tech blog: “Design and Practice of Self-Built Data Centers under Hybrid Cloud Architecture.” I wrote a quick technical commentary on it. What I didn’t expect was the …

Transcription of Data 2025: The year in review with Mike Stonebraker Data 2025: The Year in Review with Mike Stonebraker & Andy Pavlo Recorded on December 10, 2025 A conversation between Mike Stonebraker (MIT CSAIL, Turing Award Winner, Creator of …

When we talk about “databases for the AI era,” it is easy to fall into a familiar trap: assuming the shift requires a brand-new storage engine, a revolutionary index structure, or a disruptive query language. But a clear-eyed look at the problem …

1. Two Painful Shots Remember your first sip of baijiu? It scorched down your throat like a wire of fire. Your face contorted, eyes watered, stomach flipped. Every instinct screamed: this isn’t food, it’s poison. The senior at the table grinned: …

I’ve spent the last few weeks preparing Pigsty v4.0. The headliner: ripping out Prometheus + Loki and dropping in the full Victoria stack. VictoriaMetrics is no-frills brute force—it just works and it’s ridiculous. The observability portion is done, …

MinIO announced maintenance mode two days ago. I ranted in “MinIO Is Dead” and immediately got flooded with “so what now?” The usual suspects: Ceph, RustFS, SeaweedFS, Garage. I packaged all of them for Linux (RPM/DEB) and ran them through the …

Taobao, Alipay, and Xianyu simultaneously faceplanted on Dec 4. Cards were debited, yet orders sat frozen at “pending.” The story rhymes perfectly with the 2024 Double-11 outage, so the leading suspect is once again the message queue or whatever …

December 3, 2025 was a day to mark in open-source software history. MinIO’s team updated the project status on GitHub, announcing the MinIO open-source project was entering “maintenance mode.” This basically declared the death of MinIO as an …

GitHub Release | Release Note Pigsty v3.7.0 is officially released, bringing complete production-grade PostgreSQL 18 support and support for four new operating systems: Debian 13 and EL 10 across both x86_64/ARM64 architectures. Extension count has …

Answers are depreciating, and your ability to ask questions determines your position in the AI era. Kevin Kelly once said: “In the future, asking questions will be more valuable than answering them. When answers become commodities, good questions are …

In the Agent era, the underlying logic of software architecture has changed. Over the past decade, we’ve built microservices and “polyglot persistence” to accommodate the collaboration boundaries of human teams, fragmenting our systems into scattered …

Hi, I’m Feng Ruohang, author of Pigsty and an independent open-source contributor. Let’s talk about how to build a PostgreSQL distribution that is rooted in China and useful to the whole world. The question isn’t whether PG will win—it already has. …

Back in 2019, I wrote about “Is running postgres in docker a good idea?” — Don’t run PostgreSQL in containers for production, because you’ll likely hit a pile of issues that simply don’t exist on bare metal or VMs. Well, users of Docker’s “official” …

Yesterday the “cyber Bodhisattva” Cloudflare suffered its worst incident since 2019. For six hours, core network traffic couldn’t be delivered. ChatGPT, X, Spotify, Uber—everyone felt it. Root cause: a permission change on ClickHouse made the …

Chinese founders hear the nightmare scenario constantly: “What happens when Alibaba shows up?” Well, Alicloud RDS just shipped Supabase as a first-party feature. This is what it looks like when a hyperscaler parachutes into your niche. Supabase in a …

AWS just released the official postmortem for the Oct 20 us-east-1 meltdown. It’s one of the rare times we get first-hand detail, so I translated it to Chinese and sprinkled in commentary. Here’s the English recap with my notes. Incident page: …

On Oct 20, 2025, AWS’s crown jewel region us-east-1 spent fifteen hours flailing. More than a thousand companies went dark worldwide. The root cause? An internal DNS entry that stopped resolving. From the moment DNS broke, DynamoDB, EC2, Lambda, and …

This month saw a high-profile “open source supply cut” incident — KubeSphere deleting images and running away, but there’s another slightly more subtle “chokepoint case” I mentioned last month — “Chokepoint: PGDG Cuts Mirror Sync Channels”. This …

The new DDIA—Designing Data-Intensive Applications, 2nd Edition—has published its first ten chapters. With Claude Code Max 20× on my side, it took two days to translate the released chapters into Chinese and re-render them via Hugo + Hextra for a …

WeChat Sovereignty & Self-Reliance Build a China-rooted, world-facing PG distribution Supply-chain trust: I won’t bet on absentee maintainers PG “export controls” and supply-chain trust Any domestic DBs that actually deliver? Stop embarrassing us …

Percona is a banner-bearer and major third-party vendor in the MySQL ecosystem, and has been advancing into the PostgreSQL space in recent years. The English original of this article was published on the Percona blog this morning. Of course, Percona …

KubeSphere Sudden Supply Cut: When Open-Source Trust Gets “Unplugged” A “Run” That Shocked the Cloud Native Circle The day before yesterday, QingCloud announced KubeSphere open source edition stops downloads and support, requiring users to migrate …

The 2025 StackOverflow Global Developer Survey results are fresh out, with high-quality questionnaire feedback from 50,000 developers across 177 countries and regions. As a database veteran, I’m most interested in the “Database” section of this …

I rented a car today, drove from Shanghai back to Ningbo. Yesterday I watched Dongchedi’s autonomous-driving showdown—closed highway + real city roads + 30+ “smart driving” models. Everyone faceplanted except Tesla. The episode aired and every Tesla …

GitHub Release | Release Note Pigsty v3.6 is officially released. After two months of careful refinement, this will be the last major version before v4.0, featuring extensive refactoring and improvements that lay a solid foundation for building the …

In “SaaS is Dead? In the AI Era, Software Starts with Databases”, Microsoft CEO Nadella once stated that in the Agent era, SaaS is Dead, and the future form of software will be Agent + Database. That is, Agents directly performing CRUD operations on …

Recently, while building Pigsty offline packages, I discovered that the PostgreSQL version installed during local testing wasn’t quite right - 17.4 was behind the latest 17.5 by one minor version. Also, when testing on EL10, I found several …

The day before yesterday at the HOW 2025 conference roundtable, Chairman Xiao asked some interesting questions about AI, databases, and DBAs. Here are Feng’s views, organized and published. OLTP / OLAP: Who Gets Revolutionized First? Question: In …

GitHub Release | Release Note Pigsty v3.5 is officially released. The project has crossed the 4,000+ Star milestone on GitHub — a remarkable achievement for a database infrastructure project. This version brings a brand-new documentation website, …

This morning, the industry exploded with news of an acquisition. Following Databricks’ $1 billion acquisition of Neon, its rival Snowflake immediately followed by acquiring CrunchyData. According to insiders, this deal was priced at $250 million. …

Today, something straight out of magical realism unfolded in Dify’s GitHub repository. The open-source community was minding its own business, maintaining the project, when a pull request apparently from Livzon Pharmaceutical landed out of …

A few days ago, I received a request from the Odoo community asking: “Databases support PITR (Point-in-Time Recovery), but is there a way to roll back the filesystem as well?” Why the “PGFS” Idea? From a veteran database engineer’s perspective, this …

GitHub Release | Release Note After a month of intensive development, Pigsty v3.4 is officially released. This version features significant architectural optimizations, addressing several core concerns highly valued by users and customers: Restore …

When I published “PostgreSQL Is Eating the Database World” last year, I tossed out this wild idea: Could Postgres really unify OLTP and OLAP? I had no clue we’d see fireworks so quickly. The PG community’s now in an all-out frenzy to stitch DuckDB …

GitHub Release | Release Note After two months of careful refinement, Pigsty v3.3 is officially released. As an open-source “batteries-included” PostgreSQL distribution, Pigsty aims to harness the collective power of the PG ecosystem, delivering a …

Dear readers, I’m starting my vacation today. I might stop posting for two weeks, so Happy New Year in advance. Of course, before starting vacation, this article shares some interesting recent developments in the PG ecosystem. Yesterday I also …

Databases are the core of business architecture - this is self-evident consensus. But what if we go further and treat databases as business architecture itself, putting business logic, web servers, and even entire front and back ends into databases? …

This article comes from a real consultation case. Any resemblance to your situation is purely due to cloud vendors’ deep affinity with your wallet. Yesterday a user came to consult, asking if PostgreSQL distributed database extension Citus has any …

GitHub Release | Release Note Pigsty wraps up 2024 with its final release: v3.2. This release brings the pig command-line tool and complete ARM extension support. Together, they deliver silky-smooth PostgreSQL delivery across 10 major Linux …

Title: Meet Pig: The Postgres Extension Wizard Ever wished installing or upgrading PostgreSQL extensions didn’t feel like digging through outdated readmes, cryptic configure scripts, or random GitHub forks & patches? The painful truth is that …

On December 11th, OpenAI experienced a global service outage affecting ChatGPT, API, Sora, Playground, and Labs. The outage lasted from 3:16 PM to 7:38 PM PT, spanning over four hours with significant impact. According to OpenAI’s incident report …

Supabase is great, but having your own Supabase is even better. Pigsty helps you build enterprise-grade Supabase on your own servers (physical/virtual machines/cloud servers) with one-click deployment — more extensions, better performance, deeper …

GitHub Release | Release Note With PostgreSQL 17.2 released just days ago, Pigsty immediately follows up with v3.1. In this version, PostgreSQL 17 becomes the default major version, with nearly 340 extensions available out of the box. Additionally, …

The old saying goes: never deploy code on Friday. The PostgreSQL minor releases issued two days ago deliberately avoided Friday deployment, but still gave the community a week’s worth of extra work — the PostgreSQL community will release an unusual …

According to PostgreSQL’s versioning policy, PostgreSQL 12, released in 2019, will officially exit its support lifecycle today (2024-11-14). PG 12’s final minor version is 12.21, released on 2024-11-14, and this will be PG 12’s ultimate version. …

PostgreSQL Is Eating the Database World through the power of extensibility. When this post was first published, the repository packaged 390 PostgreSQL extensions as RPM / DEB packages for mainstream Linux distributions. The live Pigsty Extension …

Recently, Linus kicked out several Russian developers from the project, triggering an outcry in the open source world. But many people forget that Linux is Linus’s personal project — it was 30 years ago, and it still is today. Linus himself has …

“I want to be blunt: for years, we’ve been like fools while they made a fortune off what we developed.” — This famous quote from Redis Labs CEO Ofer Bengal has become a vivid footnote to the WordPress community civil war and the conflict between open …

Are cloud databases overpriced cafeteria meals The paradigm shift brought by RDS Quality, security, efficiency, and cost analysis, Cloud exit database self-building: how to implement in practice! TL;DR From commercial software to open source software …

The annual PostgreSQL major version release is here! What surprises does PostgreSQL 17 bring us this time? In this major version release announcement, the PostgreSQL global community has finally come clean — Sorry, no more pretending — “PostgreSQL is …

On September 10, 2024, Alibaba-Cloud’s Singapore Availability Zone C data center experienced a fire caused by lithium battery explosion. It’s been a week now and services have not been fully restored yet. According to the monthly SLA availability …

These past few days, MongoDB’s marketing stunts have been dazzling: “MongoDB Declares War on PostgreSQL”, “MongoDB Defeats PostgreSQL to Win $30 Billion Project”, and the original article from The Register “MongoDB Prepares to Pummel PostgreSQL After …

Many people don’t have an intuitive impression of how far PostgreSQL’s ecosystem has developed. Beyond devouring the database world and its all-encompassing extension ecosystem, PostgreSQL can directly replace Oracle, SQL Server, and MongoDB at the …

GitHub Release | Release Note Highlights Extension Explosion: Pigsty v3 ships an unprecedented 340 available PostgreSQL extensions. This includes 121 extension RPM packages and 133 DEB packages — more than the total extension count in the official …

In “Are Cloud Databases an IQ Tax”, I evaluated cloud database RDS as: “selling sky-high pre-made meals at five-star hotel prices” — but legitimate pre-made meals from industrial kitchens are at least edible and generally won’t kill you. However, a …

This afternoon around 14:44, NetEase Cloud Music experienced an outage, recovering at 17:11. The rumored cause was infrastructure/cloud/ disk storage related issues. Incident Timeline During the outage, NetEase Cloud Music clients could normally play …

In my article “[PostgreSQL is Eating the Database World],” I posed this question: Who will ultimately unify the database world? I believe it’s the PostgreSQL ecosystem with various extensions — and my judgment is that to conquer OLAP, the largest and …

The 2024 StackOverflow Global Developer Survey results are fresh out, with high-quality questionnaire feedback from 60,000 developers across 185 countries and regions. Of course, as a database veteran, I’m most interested in the “Database” section of …

Recently, due to a configuration update released by cybersecurity company CrowdStrike, countless Windows computers worldwide fell into blue screen death, causing endless chaos — airlines grounded flights, hospitals canceled surgeries, supermarkets, …

Vulnerability description, CVE-2024-6387: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-6387 This basically affects newer versions of operating systems. Older systems like CentOS 7.9, RockyLinux 8.9, Ubuntu 20.04, Debian 11 escaped this due to older …

Dify – The Innovation Engine for GenAI Applications Dify is an open-source LLM app development platform. Orchestrate LLM apps from agents to complex AI workflows, with an RAG engine. Which claims to be more production-ready than LangChain. Of course, …

PGCon.Dev, once known as PGCon—the annual must-attend gathering for PostgreSQL hackers and key forum for its future direction, has been held in Ottawa since its inception in 2007. This year marks a new chapter as the original organizer, Dan, hands …

The PostgreSQL Global Development Group announces that PostgreSQL 17’s first Beta version is now available for download. This version includes a preview of all features that will be available when PostgreSQL 17 is officially released, though some …

Original: How Ahrefs Saved US$400M in 3 Years by NOT Going to the Cloud Cloud computing has been very popular in the IT infrastructure space recently, with going to the cloud becoming a trend. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) clouds do have many …

GitHub Release | Release Note On 2024-05-20, Pigsty v2.7 is released. The number of available extensions in this version reaches an astonishing 255, successfully elevating PostgreSQL’s versatility to a new height! Additionally, we provide some new …

Due to an “unprecedented configuration error”, Google Cloud mistakenly deleted UniSuper’s cloud account. The Australian pension fund executive and Google Cloud’s global CEO issued a joint statement apologizing for this “extremely frustrating and …

The dark forest law has emerged on public cloud: Anyone who knows your S3 object storage bucket name can explode your cloud bill. Imagine this: you create an empty, private AWS S3 storage bucket in your favorite region. What would your AWS bill look …

WeChat Public Account Yesterday, a bidding news attracted attention and heated discussion: “The IT industry is broken… 16.1 million dollar contract… 2.9 million (won)… maintenance fee 0.01 yuan… PolarDB unit price 130 yuan”. When I first saw this …

WeChat Public Account Friends often ask me, can Chinese domestic databases really compete? To be honest, it’s a question that offends people. So let’s try speaking with data - I hope the charts provided in this article can help readers understand …

Last week, I was invited as a roundtable guest to participate in Cloudflare’s Immerse conference in Shenzhen. During the Cloudflare Immerse cocktail party and dinner, I had in-depth discussions with Cloudflare’s APAC CMO, Greater China Technical …

Eight days after the outage, Tencent Cloud published a postmortem report for the April 8th major outage. I think this is a good thing, because Alibaba-Cloud’s Double 11 major outage official postmortem is still overdue. If public cloud vendors want …

At today’s 2024 Developer Week, Cloudflare released a series of exciting new features, such as Python Workers and Workers AI, elevating the convenience of application development and delivery to an entirely new level. Compared to Cloudflare’s …

Luo Yonghao was once a brilliant digital product manager with decent IT industry credentials. But as they say, there’s a world of difference between industries. Luo selling cloud is like a street vendor simultaneously hawking meat, vegetables, eggs, …

Recently, Redis changed its license, causing controversy: starting from version 7.4, it uses RSALv2 and SSPLv1, no longer meeting OSI’s definition of “open source software.” But don’t get it wrong: Redis “going non-open source” is not a disgrace to …

On Crazy Thursday, February 29, 2024, Alibaba-Cloud staged a major price cut, with promotional content flying everywhere. As the cloud computing mudslide, many followers asked me to comment. The flashy 20%, 50% off banners look impressive, but …

PostgreSQL isn’t just a simple relational database; it’s a data management framework with the potential to engulf the entire database realm. The trend of “Using Postgres for Everything” is no longer limited to a few elite teams but is becoming a …

GitHub Release | Release Note On the last day of February, Pigsty v2.6 is officially released! This version makes PostgreSQL 16 the default major version and introduces a series of new extensions, including ParadeDB and DuckDB, elevating …

This article was published by Stephan Schmidt @ KingOfCoders on Hacker News and sparked heated discussion: Using PostgreSQL to replace Kafka, RabbitMQ, ElasticSearch, MongoDB, and Redis is a viable approach that can dramatically reduce system …

Original WeChat Article Link New PostgreSQL Ecosystem Player: ParadeDB YC S23 invested in a new project called ParadeDB, which is extremely interesting. Their slogan is “Postgres for Search & Analytics — Modern Elasticsearch Alternative built on …

Two days ago, the ninth episode of Open-Source Talks had the theme “Will DBAs Be Eliminated by Cloud?” As the host, I restrained myself from jumping into the debate throughout, so I’m writing this article to discuss this question: Will DBAs be …

Source: How Cloudflare Supports 55M QPS with 15 PostgreSQL Clusters In July 2009, in California, USA, a startup team created a Content Delivery Network (CDN) called Cloudflare to accelerate internet requests, making network access more stable and …

Today, the famous database popularity ranking DB-Engine announced the 2024 Database of the Year. PostgreSQL has won this honor for the fifth time. Of course, PostgreSQL was also the Database of the Year in 2023, 2019, 2018, and 2017. If Snowflake …

Thirty and Established In 2023, I turned thirty. As Confucius said, “At thirty, one establishes oneself.” I’ve managed to accomplish something - started a family, built a career, gained some technical reputation. On the last day of 2023, let me take …

MySQL was once the world’s most popular open-source relational database. However, popularity doesn’t mean advanced, and popular things can have big problems. JEPSEN’s evaluation of MySQL’s isolation levels pierced through this veneer — in …

WeChat Object storage (S3) has been a defining service of cloud computing, once hailed as a paragon of cost reduction in the cloud era. Unfortunately, with the evolution of hardware and the emergence of resources cloud (Cloudflare R2) and …

Medium ｜Wechat Whether databases should be housed in Kubernetes/Docker remains highly controversial. While Kubernetes (k8s) excels in managing stateless applications, it has fundamental drawbacks with stateful services, especially databases like …

Year-end is performance rush time, but internet giants are having major incidents one after another. They’ve turned “cost reduction and efficiency improvement” into literal “cost reduction jokes” — this is no longer just a meme, but official …

Background 0x01 Naming Convention 0x01 Design Convention 0x01 Query Convention 0x01 Admin Convention Roughly translated from PostgreSQL Convention 2024 with Google. 0x00 Background No Rules, No Lines The functions of PostgreSQL are very powerful, …

Vector storage and retrieval is a real need, but specialized vector databases are already dead. The ecological niche left for specialized vector databases might support one company’s survival, but trying to build an industry around AI stories is …

Hardware is interesting again, with the AI wave fueling a GPU frenzy. However, the intrigue isn’t limited to GPUs —— developments in CPUs and SSDs remain largely unnoticed by the majority of devs. A whole generation of developers is obscured by cloud …

A year after the last major incident, Alibaba-Cloud suffered another massive outage, creating an unprecedented record in the cloud computing industry — simultaneous failures across all global regions and all services. Since Alibaba-Cloud refuses to …

Alibaba-Cloud’s Double 11 offered a great deal: 2C/2G/3M ECS servers with a list price of ¥1500/year for just ¥99/year for three years (¥99 annual renewal available until 2026), plus they’re reportedly giving every Chinese university student a free …

WeChat | Zhihu If “cloud databases” can be considered passable products with slightly underwhelming cost ROI, then many “domestic databases” are simply shoddy, inferior products that can’t be helped. Xinchuang OS/databases are essentially IT …

GitHub Release | Release Note On Programmer’s Day (10/24), Pigsty v2.5.0 is released! This version adds support for Ubuntu and Debian operating systems. Combined with existing EL7/8/9 support, we’ve achieved a grand slam of mainstream Linux …

Many users have asked me what operating system is best for running databases. Especially considering that CentOS 7.9 will reach EOL next year, many users should need to upgrade their OS, so today I’m sharing some experience. TL;DR In short, if you’re …

MongoDB was once an amazing technology that allowed developers to break free from relational database “schema constraints” and quickly build applications. However, over time, MongoDB abandoned its open-source nature, making it unavailable for many …

Backups are a DBA’s lifeline — but what if your PostgreSQL database has already exploded and you have no backups? Maybe pg_filedump can help you! Recently encountered a rather outrageous case. The situation was this: a user’s PostgreSQL database was …

GitHub Release | Release Note PostgreSQL released its new major version 16 today, bringing a series of improvements. Pigsty followed up within 1 hour of release with Pigsty v2.4, providing complete support for PostgreSQL 16 GA. Additionally, v2.4 …

Original WeChat Article | 【Modb Interviews Industry Leaders: Feng Ruohang】 Introduction: Recently, a historic debate in the database industry has sparked heated discussion. The post-90s entrepreneur Feng Ruohang, known as the “ace debater” in the …

WeChat | Zhihu Original When we talk about self-reliance and control, what are we really talking about? For infrastructure software (operating systems/databases), does self-reliance and control mean: developed, distributed, and controlled by Chinese …

GitHub Release | Release Note Pigsty v2.3 is here! This release further refines the monitoring system, enriches the application ecosystem, and keeps pace with PostgreSQL’s routine minor version updates (CVE fixes). Pigsty v2.3 follows PostgreSQL’s …

GitHub Release | Release Note Pigsty v2.2 is here! The world’s most powerful PostgreSQL monitoring system receives an epic upgrade — completely rebuilt on Grafana v10, pushing PG observability to a whole new level with a dramatically improved user …

Once upon a time, “going to cloud” was almost politically correct in tech circles, but few people use hard data to analyze the trade-offs involved. I’m willing to be this skeptic: let me use hard data and personal stories to explain the traps and …

Author: DHH, “Our Cloud-Exit savings will now top ten million over five years” Feng’s Commentary As a cloud exit advocate, I’m gratified to see DHH’s tremendous success in the cloud exit process. The world always rewards leaders with the wisdom to …

At the SACC 2023 FinOps session, I fiercely criticized cloud vendors. This is a transcript of my speech, introducing the ultimate FinOps concept — Cloud-Exit and its best practice. TL; DR Misaligned FinOps Focus: Total Cost = Unit Price x Quantity. …

The StackOverflow 2023 Survey, featuring feedback from 90K developers across 185 countries, is out. PostgreSQL topped all three survey categories (used, loved, and wanted), earning its title as the undisputed “Decathlete Database” – it’s hailed as …

Original WeChat Article ISD stands for Integrated Surface Dataset, a dataset published by NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). It contains observational records from nearly 30,000 global surface meteorological stations from 1900 …

Public cloud margins worse than sand mining, Why are pig-butchering schemes losing money? Resource-selling models heading toward price wars, Open source alternatives breaking monopoly dreams! Service competitiveness gradually neutralized, Where is …

In the world of cloud computing, Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are seen as a cloud provider’s commitment to the quality of its services. However, a closer examination of these SLAs reveals that they might not offer the safety net one might expect: …

GitHub Release | Release Note Following PostgreSQL’s summer minor version updates and the release of PG 16 Beta, Pigsty closely tracks the PG community with the v2.1 release. This update supports PostgreSQL 16 Beta1 high availability and new …

Recently, there have been some hotly debated topics in the tech community: Are cloud databases an IQ tax? Is public cloud a pig-killing scam? Are distributed databases a false need? Are microservices a stupid idea? Do you still need ops and DBAs? Is …

Similar to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, user demands for databases also have a progressive hierarchy. User demands for databases can be divided into eight levels from bottom to top, corresponding to human needs: Physiological Needs: Functionality - …

New AI applications have shown exponential growth over the past year, and these applications face a common challenge: how to store and query AI embeddings represented as vectors at scale. This article focuses on vector databases hyped by AI, …

WeChat Column As hardware technology advances, the capacity and performance of standalone databases have reached unprecedented heights. In this transformative era, distributed (TP) databases appear utterly powerless, much like the “data middle …

WeChat original Large models can appear conscious, but self-awareness is optional—and maybe dangerous before ethics catch up. Pantheon sparked these thoughts. What is self-awareness? When we say “self-awareness,” what do we actually mean? Let’s …

WeChat original “Humans are the bootloader for silicon life.” —Elon Musk Maybe we’re about to witness an AI-worshipping religion. Imagine this: Humans are lumps of negative entropy, hard-coded to reproduce via clumsy genetics. In digital space, with …

We already answer the question: Is RDS an Idiot Tax?. But when compared to the hundredfold markup of public cloud block storage, cloud databases seem almost reasonable. This article uses real data to reveal the true business model of public cloud: …

While Swedish Ma and I disagree sharply on cloud databases VS DBA issues, we can reach consensus on one point: domestic public cloud vendors really make garbage. In Ma’s words: “Alibaba-Cloud is a legitimate cloud with poor engineering quality, but …

Guo Degang has a comedy routine: “Say I tell a rocket scientist, your rocket is no good, the fuel is wrong. I think it should burn wood, better yet coal, and it has to be premium coal, not washed coal. If that scientist takes me seriously, he …

GitHub Release | Release Note 2023/02/28, Pigsty v2.0.0 is officially released, bringing a series of major feature updates. PIGSTY now stands for “PostgreSQL In Great STYle” — PostgreSQL at its best. Pigsty’s positioning has also evolved from …

In the previous article, we used data to answer “Are Cloud Databases an Intelligence Tax?"—the exorbitant markups of several to over ten times are undoubtedly a scam for users outside the applicable spectrum. But we can dig deeper: why are public …

Winter is coming, tech giants are laying off workers entering cost-reduction mode. Can cloud databases, the number one public cloud cash cow, still tell their story? Recently, an article by DHH, co-founder of Basecamp & HEY, caused a stir【1,2】. The …

Previously, we analyzed StackOverflow survey data to explain “Why PostgreSQL is the Most Successful Database”. This time we’ll let performance data speak for itself, discussing just how powerful the most successful PostgreSQL really is, helping you …

When we say a database is “successful,” what exactly do we mean? Is it about features, performance, usability, or cost, ecosystem, complexity? There are many metrics, but ultimately users decide. Database users are developers, so what about …

Original WeChat Article | Open-Source China Article Published by: OSCHINA Open-Source China Interviewee: Feng Ruohang (Pigsty Founder) Feng Ruohang has been quite busy lately. After a startup camp pitch in June, he added two to three hundred …

GitHub Release | Release Note Pigsty v1.5 is officially released! Complete Docker support brings a rich application ecosystem — countless database-backed software works out of the box! Other improvements include: infrastructure self-monitoring, …

Ant Financial had a self-deprecating joke: besides regulation, only DBAs could bring down Alipay. In the digital age, data is the core asset of many enterprises, especially for internet/software service companies. The people responsible for …

In my previous article “Is DBA Still a Good Job”, I mentioned: Although DBA as a profession is declining, who knows if DBAs might become trendy again after several terrifying large-scale cloud database failures. Well, I recently witnessed a live …

GitHub Release | Release Note Pigsty v1.4 is officially released! A brand new modular architecture: four built-in modules INFRA, NODES, PGSQL, REDIS can be used independently and freely combined; new MatrixDB time-series data warehouse deployment …

GitHub Release | Release Note Pigsty v1.3 is officially released, featuring Redis support, a rebuilt PGCAT application, and enhanced PGSQL monitoring. Redis Support While PostgreSQL is the world’s most advanced open-source relational database, every …

GitHub Release | Release Note Pigsty v1.2 is officially released, making PostgreSQL 14 the default version and adding support for monitoring existing database instances independently. PostgreSQL 14 Becomes the Default PostgreSQL 14 was released last …

GitHub Release | Release Note Pigsty v1.1 is officially released, featuring a brand-new homepage design, plus support for JupyterLab, PGWeb, PEV2, PgBadger, and other useful tools. Brand New Homepage The Home Dashboard in Grafana has long served as …

Original WeChat Official Account Article Last night, I saw news about WeChat accessing user photo albums in the background, and WeChat responded: While such shady behavior from Chinese apps doesn’t surprise me, in the spirit of seeking truth, I got …

Life at 28 Another Mid-Autumn Festival, another year older. My solar birthday (September 21st) coinciding with Mid-Autumn Festival should only happen three times in my lifetime: once at age 9 in 2002, once at age 28 in 2021, and the last time at age …

GitHub Release | Release Note After over a year of iterations and refinement, Pigsty officially ships v1.0.0 GA. Pigsty (/ˈpɪɡˌstaɪ/) stands for PostgreSQL In Graphic STYle — PostgreSQL, visualized. What is Pigsty? Pigsty is a batteries-included …

The Dragon Boat Festival holiday coincided with college entrance exams. Not wanting to see crowds everywhere, I discussed with two colleagues and decided to find a weekend for early off-peak travel. We settled on Hulunbuir - Friday night flight from …

What is Pigsty Pigsty is a ready-to-use production-grade open-source PostgreSQL distribution. A distribution refers to a complete database solution consisting of a database kernel and its suite of software packages. For example, Linux is an operating …

Recently, everything I’ve been working on revolves around the PostgreSQL ecosystem, because I’ve always felt this is a direction with unlimited potential. Why do I say this? Because databases are the core component of information systems, relational …

GitHub Release: https://github.com/pgsty/pigsty/releases/tag/v0.9.0 New Stuff One-liner install: curl -fsSL https://pigsty.cc/install | bash bootstraps everything. pigsty-cli: wraps the common Ansible playbooks so you stop copy-pasting command …

GitHub Release: https://github.com/pgsty/pigsty/releases/tag/v0.8.0 v0.8 finalizes the provisioning API. Services are completely rebuilt: instead of a hard-coded primary/replica pair you can now declare any number of services, plug in HAProxy, swap …

Why does Pigsty default to locale=C and encoding=UTF8 when initializing PostgreSQL databases? The answer is simple: Unless you explicitly know you need LOCALE-related functionality, you should never configure anything other than C.UTF8 for character …

In daily development, we often encounter requirements for fuzzy search. Today, let’s briefly discuss how to implement some advanced fuzzy search using PostgreSQL. Of course, the fuzzy search I’m talking about here isn’t the old-fashioned LIKE …

Logical Replication Logical Replication is a method of replicating data objects and their changes based on their replica identity (usually the primary key). The term logical replication contrasts with physical replication. Physical replication uses …

Introduction: DIY Logical Replication The concept of replica identity serves logical replication. The basic working principle of logical replication is to decode row-level INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE events from logical publication-related tables and …

GitHub Release: https://github.com/pgsty/pigsty/releases/tag/v0.7.0 Pigsty v0.7 focuses on plugging existing fleets into Pigsty’s observability stack. The new monitor-only flow lets you drop Pigsty dashboards onto databases that were provisioned …

“You can’t optimize what you can’t measure.” Slow queries hog connections, hold locks, block replication, trigger deadlocks, and waste resources. Every DBA must know how to find and fix them quickly. Traditional tools pg_stat_statements – essential …

Summary: Machine restarted due to failure, NTP service corrected PG time after PG startup, causing Patroni to fail to start. The failure information in Patroni is shown as follows: Process %s is not postmaster, too much difference between PID file …

GitHub Release: https://github.com/pgsty/pigsty/releases/tag/v0.6.0 Pigsty v0.6 responds to user feedback with a redesigned provisioning path plus a monitoring stack that can sit beside any managed PG fleet—even a MyBase cluster built elsewhere. Bug …

Taking advantage of attending the 2020 PostgreSQL China Conference, I toured Guangzhou for a day. A quite interesting place. Among the four first-tier cities, only Guangzhou remained unvisited. This time, leveraging the PG conference opportunity, I …

Author: Vonng (@Vonng) How to change primary key column types online, such as upgrading from INT to BIGINT, without affecting business operations? Suppose you have a table in PostgreSQL where you initially chose an INT primary key without much …

The disaster-filled year 2020 required proper blessings. Completed the Meili inner circuit in 3 days - Sacred Waterfall, Sacred Lake, Ice Lake. Preface: As the saying goes: “If not going to paradise, go to Yubeng.” Going to Yubeng usually means …

Although 2020 was a year of many disasters, until grandfather’s death, I always thought we could somehow get by. The death of a close relative—this is the second time for me. First my father, then my grandfather. Humans appear so powerless before …

GitHub Release: https://github.com/pgsty/pigsty/releases/tag/v0.5.0 v0.5.0 Outline The official docs site (http://pigsty.cc/) is live. Database templating becomes fully declarative: define users, roles, databases, ACLs, extensions, and schemas in …

GitHub Release: https://github.com/pgsty/pigsty/releases/tag/v0.4.0 Pigsty v0.4 is our second public beta. The observability stack was rebuilt around Grafana 7.3, and ten curated dashboards became the default open-source payload. pg_exporter 0.3.1 …

Preface Playing with databases and playing with cars have something in common - they both require frequently checking the dashboard. What are you doing staring at the dashboard? Looking at metrics. Why look at metrics? You need to understand the …

GitHub Release: https://github.com/pgsty/pigsty/releases/tag/v0.3.0 Pigsty v0.3.0 is the very first public preview. It packages a lean observability stack plus a reproducible offline bundle so you can spin up a real PostgreSQL lab without touching …

This National Day I trekked the Wusun Ancient Trail, crossing over the Tianshan Mountains to reach that Ili. Though over a week has passed, the memories linger - writing to commemorate this journey. TL;DR Too Long; Didn’t Read For videos, please …

Author: Vonng (@Vonng) “Once named, it can be spoken; once spoken, it can be acted upon.” Concepts and their naming are very important. Naming style reflects an engineer’s understanding of system architecture. Poorly defined concepts lead to …

Managing databases is similar to managing people - both need KPIs (Key Performance Indicators). So what are database KPIs? This article introduces a way to measure PostgreSQL load: using a single horizontally comparable metric that is basically …

Original WeChat Article A classic problem in cryptography is how to transmit data securely and reliably through insecure channels. Protecting your chats and communications from eavesdropping, surveillance, and censorship. With just a computer at …

Scenario In the lifecycle of a database, there’s a common type of requirement: modifying column types. For example: Using INT as a primary key, only to discover that business is booming and the 2.1 billion limit of INT32 isn’t enough, wanting to …

PostgreSQL actually has only two transaction isolation levels: Read Committed and Serializable Basics The SQL standard defines four isolation levels, but PostgreSQL actually has only two transaction isolation levels: Read Committed and Serializable …

Understanding the TCP protocol used for communication between PostgreSQL server and client Startup Phase The basic flow of the startup phase is as follows: Client sends a StartupMessage (F) to initiate connection request to server Payload includes …

Author: Vonng (@Vonng) Today encountered an interesting case where a customer reported database connection issues. The error was: psql: FATAL: could not load library "/export/servers/pgsql/lib/pg_hint_plan.so": …

In actual production, we often need to synchronize database states to other places, such as synchronizing to data warehouses for analysis, to message queues for downstream consumption, or to caches to accelerate queries. Generally speaking, there are …

PostgreSQL relies on snapshot isolation (SI) for concurrency and two-phase locking (2PL) as a supporting act. DML (SELECT/INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE) uses SSI; DDL (CREATE TABLE etc.) still uses 2PL. Understanding locks is essential when diagnosing …

When GIN indexes are used to search with very long keyword lists, performance degrades significantly. This article explains why GIN index keyword search has O(n^2) time complexity. Here is the detail of why that query have O(N^2) inside GIN …

Went on a business trip to America, worked one week and played one week. Road trip along Highway 1, Bay Area, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Yosemite. Thanks to my company, I went on a business trip to America for two weeks - one week working, one week …

Replication is one of the core issues in system architecture. Cluster Topology Suppose we use a standard 4-unit configuration: primary, synchronous replica, delayed backup, and remote replica, identified by letters M, S, O, R respectively. M: Master, …

Author: Vonng (@Vonng) Backup is the foundation of a DBA’s livelihood and one of the most critical tasks in database management. There are various types of backups, but the backups discussed here are all physical backups. Physical backups can …

For stateless app services, containers are an almost perfect devops solution. However, for stateful services like databases, it’s not so straightforward. Whether production databases should be containerized remains controversial. From a developer’s …

In Understanding the Internet, I discussed my views on the internet. Today, let’s talk about the part I deliberately omitted: the setbacks the internet will face. Destiny It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; It was the age of wisdom, …

A few days ago, we encountered the quadrennial leap year February 29th. Every time this day comes around, some poorly written software experiences major failures. If you’re unlucky, this type of problem might take four years to surface. For example, …

PostgreSQL is great, but that doesn’t mean it’s Bug-Free. This time in the production environment, I encountered another very interesting case: a production incident caused by pg_dump. This is a very subtle bug triggered by Pgbouncer, search_path, …